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The Medieval History Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2, 165-194 (1998)
DOI: 10.1177/097194589800100201

Act on Appropriateness and Mutual Seff-interest: Early T'ang Diplomatic Thinking, A.D. 618-649

Wang zhenping

Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Te and i are terms of multiple connotations. Although they have been conventionally translated as 'virtue' and 'righteousness' respectively, neither of them signifies excellence in personal moral cultivation and conduct in the context of T'ang diplomacy. Te is employed to mean 'getting proper arrangement for things', and i to indicate 'appropriateness' of the intended foreign policy. T'ang foreign policy rested mainly on consideration of efficacy, appropriateness, expedience and mutual self-interest, not on any abstract moral principles such as virtue and righteousness.


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